Causes of Upper GI bleeding
1. Ulcers
2. Varices
3. Mallory-Weiss tears
4. Gastroduodenal erosions
5. Erosive esophagitis
6. Neoplasm
7. Vascular ectasias
8. Erosive duodenitis
9. Aortoenteric fistulas
10. Vascular lesions (including Hereditary Haemorrhagic Telangiectasias {Osler-Weber-Rendu Syndrome} and Gastric antral vascular ectasia {Watermelon Stomach}).
11. Dieulafoy's lesion (An aberrant vessel in the mucosa bleeds from a pin-point mucosal defect).
12. Prolapse gastropathy (Prolapse of proximal stomach into esophagus with retching, especially in alcoholics).
13. Hemobilia or Hemosuccus pancreaticus (Bleeding from the bile duct or pancreatic duct).
Causes of Lower GI bleeding :
A. Small Intestinal Causes :
1. Vascular ectasias
2. Tumors (Adenocarcinoma,
Leiomyoma, Lymphoma,
Benign polyps,
Carcinoid, Metastases and Lipoma)
3. NSAID induced Erosions and Ulcers
4. Crohn's disease
5. Infection
6. Ischemia
7. Vasculitis
8. Small bowel varices
9. Diverticula
10. Meckel's diverticulum (children)
11. Duplication cysts
12. Intussusception
B. Colonic sources of bleeding :
1. Hemorrhoids
2. Anal fissures
3. Diverticula
4. Vascular ectasias (Proximal colon;
more than 70 y age)
5. Neoplasms (Primary adenocarcinoma)
6. Colitis (Infectious, Idiopathic IBD,
Ischemic or Radiation)
7. Postpolypectomy bleeding
8. Solitary rectal ulcer syndrome
9. NSAID induced ulcers or colitis
10. Trauma
11. Varices (Most commmonly rectal)
12. Lymphoid nodular hyperplasia
13. Vasculitis
14. Aortocolic fistulas
15. IBD (Children and adolescents)
16. Juvenile polyps (Children
and adolescents)
